CNAME stands for Canonical Name for a domain. CNAME is an alias records that create association between a sub-domain and antother domain or subdomain.
And, A Record simply creates an association between a domain/sub-domain name and an IP Address.
Example CNAME
gallery.bala-krishna.com -> gallery.another-domain.com -> 64.1.236.65
you can see above CNAME require two DNS lookup to translate domain/subdomain to an IP Address. If client request for gallery.bala-krishna.com then DNS record will return gallery.another-domain.com then gallery.another-domain.com has to query DNS to translate gallery.another-domain.com into IP Address.
CNAME Record Syntax:
www  14400  IN  CNAME  bala-krishna.com
Example A Record
gallery.another-domain.com -> 64.1.236.65
In case of gallery.another-domain.com, A record directly point to an IP Address so the DNS lookup directly returns IP Address to the client rather then domain/subdomain. hence only one DNS lookup required.
A Record Syntex:
ftp    14400  IN   A   67.159.45.3



